Roman Legions > Legio V Macedonica

Legio V Macedonica

Legio V MacedonicaRoman Empire 125.pngMap of the Roman empire in AD 125, under emperor Hadrian, showing the LEGIO V MACEDONICA, stationed on the river Danube at Troesmis (Romania), in Moesia Inferior province, from AD 107 to 161Active43 BC to sometime in the 5th centuryCountryRoman Republic, Roman Empire, East Roman EmpireTypeRoman legion (Marian)later a comitatensis unitRoleInfantry assault (some cavalry support)SizeVaried over unit lifetime. 5,000–6,000 men during PrincipateGarrison/HQMacedonia (30 BC–6)Oescus, Moesia (6–62)Oescus (71–101)Troesmis, Dacia (107–161)Potaissa, Dacia Porolissensis (166–274)Oescus (274–5th century)Nickname(s)possibly Urbana and/or Gallica (before 31 BC)Macedonica, "Macedonia" (since AD 6)Pia Fidelis, "faithful and loyal", or Pia Constans, "faithful and reliable" (since 185–7)Pia III Fidelis III (under Valerian)Pia VII Fidelis VII (under Gallienus)Mascot(s)Bull and eagleEngagementsBattle of Actium (31 BC)Corbulo Parthian campaign (63)First Jewish-Roman War (66–70)Trajan's Dacian Wars (101–106)Verus Parthian campaign (161–166)vexillationes of the 5th participated in many other campaigns.This coin was issued by Roman emperor Gallienus to celebrate the V Macedonica, whose symbol, the eagle, is crowned of wrath by Victoria. The legend on the reverse says LEG V MAC VI P VI F, which means "Legio V Macedonica VI times faithful VI times loyal"Sestertius minted in 247 by Philip the Arab to celebrate Dacia province and its legions, V Macedonica and XIII Gemina. Note the eagle and the lion, V's and XIII's symbols, in the reverse.Legio quinta Macedonica (the Fifth Macedonian Legion) was a Roman legion. It was probably originally levied in 43 BC by consul Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus and Octavian (later known as the Emperor Augustus). It was based in the Balkan provinces of Macedonia, Moesia and Dacia. In the Notitia Dignitatum records from beginning of the fifth century, the legion was still stationed in Dacia, with detachments stationed in the east and Egypt.The last known evidence shows the legion, or detachments from it, stationed in Egypt in the seventh century one or two years before the Islamic conquest of Egypt. It is often assumed that the legion fought in this war and was destroyed, although it is uncertain whether detachments or the whole legion were in Egypt, and there is no further evidence of the legion's eventual fate.Its symbol was the bull, but the eagle was used as well.Contents [hide]1History1.11st century BC: Creation and deployment in Macedonia1.21st century: The Great Jewish Revolt1.32nd century: In Dacia, protecting Danube frontier1.4Later centuries: Honors and evolution2Gallery3Attested members4See also5Bibliography5.1ReferencesHistory[edit]1st century BC: Creation and deployment in Macedonia[edit]The Legio V was one of the original twenty-eight legions raised by Octavian. There are two fifth legions recorded: the V Gallica and the V Urbana. It is possible that these both were early names for the V Macedonica. The legion probably participated in the Battle of Actium (31 BC). It later moved to Macedonia, where it stayed from 30 BC to AD 6, gaining its cognomen, before moving to Oescus (Moesia).1st century: The Great Jewish Revolt[edit]In 62, some vexillationes of the Fifth fought under Lucius Caesennius Paetus in Armenia against the Parthian Empire. After the defeat of the Battle of Rhandeia, the whole V Macedonica, together with III Gallica, VI Ferrata, and X Fretensis under the command of Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, was sent to the east to fight in the victorious war against the Parthians.The Fifth was probably still in the East when the Great Jewish Revolt in Iudaea Province began in 66. Nero gave the V Macedonica, the X Fretensis and the XV Apollinaris to Titus Flavius Vespasianus to counter the revolt. In 67, in Galilee, the city of Sepphoris surrendered peacefully to the Roman army, and later the V Macedonica conquered Mount Gerizim, the chief sanctuary of the Samaritans. In the Year of the Four Emperors, 68, the legion stayed inactive in Emmaus, where several tombstones of soldiers of the V Macedonica remain. After the proclamation of Vespasian as Emperor and the end of the war under his son Titus, the V Macedonica left Iudaea and returned to Oescus (71). In 96, the later emperor Hadrian served the legion as tribunus militum.2nd century: In Dacia, protecting Danube frontier[edit]In 101, the legion moved to Dacia, to fight in Emperor Trajan's campaign against the king Decebalus. The legate of the V Macedonica was future emperor Hadrian. After the war ended in 106, the legion remained in Troesmis (modern Iglita), near the Danube Delta since 107. A centurion of the legion, Calventius Viator, rose to prominence under Hadrian. He was eventually promoted to commander of the emperors horse guards, the equites singulares Augusti.Based on a Roman inscription discovered near Betar, Hadrian removed the V Macedonica from Dacia (present-day Romania) and sent it to Provincia Iudaea, or what is Judea, along with the Eleventh Claudian Legion,[1] in order to put down an insurrection that broke out in the 16th year of his reign as Roman Emperor, while Tineius (Tynius) Rufus was governor of the province,[2] and which later became known as the Jewish Revolt under Bar Kokhba.Roman Inscription found near Battir mentioning the 5th and 11th Roman LegionsWhen Emperor Lucius Verus started his campaign against the Parthians (161–166), the legion moved to the east, but was later returned in Dacia Porolissensis, with a basecamp in Potaissa.The northern frontier was a hot border of the Empire; when emperor Marcus Aurelius had to fight against the Marcomanni, the Sarmatians, and the Quadi, the V Macedonica was involved in these fights.At the beginning of the reign of Commodus, the V Macedonica and the XIII Gemina defeated once again the Sarmatians, under the later usurpers Pescennius Niger and Clodius Albinus. The Fifth later supported Septimius Severus, in his fight for the purple.In 185 or 187, the legion was awarded of the title Pia Constans ("Faithful and reliable") or Pia Fidelis ("Faithful and loyal"), after defeating a mercenary army in Dacia.Later centuries: Honors and evolution[edit]While staying in Potaissa for most of the 3rd century, V Macedonica fought several times, earning honors. Valerian gave the Fifth the name III Pia III Fidelis; his son, Gallienus gave the legion the title VII Pia VII Fidelis, with the 4th, 5th and 6th titles awarded probably when the legion was used as a mobile cavalry unit against usurpers Ingenuus and Regalianus (260, Moesia). A vexillatio fought against Victorinus (Gaul, 269–271).The legion returned to Oescus in 274, after Aurelian had retired from Dacia. It guarded the province in later centuries, becoming a comitatensis unit under the Magister Militum per Orientis. It probably became part of the Byzantine army.The cavalry unit created by Gallienus was definitively detached by Diocletian, and become part of his comitatus. This unit was sent to Mesopotamia, where it successfully fought against the Sassanid Empire in 296, and then to Memphis, where it had to stay until its entering in the Byzantine army.Legio V Macedonica is mentioned again in the Notitia Dignitatum, stationed in Dacia Ripensis, with detachments in the Oriental Field Army and in Egypt.[3]Legio V Macedonica is again mentioned in both Antaeapolis and Heliopolis in inscriptions, which seem to have been detachments of the units in Memphis. The last inscription provides the date of 635 or 636, indicating that at least part of the Legion was in Egypt until just before the conquest of Egypt by the Arabs began in 637. This would make Legio V Macedonica the longest lived Roman Legion, spanning 680 years from 43 BC to 637 AD.[4]Gallery[edit]Tombstone of Legio V Macedonica soldier, found near Emmaus. On display at the Hecht Museum, HaifaLVM Marked brick in PotaissaShield pattern of Legio V Macedonica in the early 5th century as depicted in Notitia Dignitatum, Or. VII.Attested members[edit]NameRankTime frameProvinceSoldier located inVeteran located inSourceP(ublius) Oppiu[s] ¿P(ubli)?optio ?Judea? ?EmmausHecht 090710 Legio V Tombstone.jpgAnnius Vinicianus [5]legatus1st century AD (63 AD)Armenia ? ?Tacitus, Ann. XV 28Sex. Vettulenus Cerialis [5]legatus1st century AD (67–70 AD)Judea ? ?Flavius Josephus, BJ III, 7, 32; VI, 4, 3L. Praecilius Clemens Iulianus [5]praefectus castrorum1st century AD (36–43 AD)Moesia Inferior ? ?CIL III 8753C. Baebius Atticus [5]primipilusreign of ClaudiusMoesia Inferior ? ?CIL V 1838; 1839 = ILS 1349T. Pontinius [5]primipilusreign of Claudius?Moesia Inferior ? ?CIL XI 4368L. Praecilius Clemens Iulianus [5]primipilus1st century AD (36–43 AD)Moesia Inferior ? ?CIL III 8753[.A]prenas Clemens [5]tribunus angusticlavius ?Moesia Inferior ? ?CIL XI 4119 (Narnia, Regio VI)L. Clodius P. f. Cla(udia) Ingenuus [5]tribunus angusticlaviusreign of Vespasian or DomitianMoesia Inferior ? ?CIL VI 37274C. Iulius Montanus [5]tribunus laticlavius1st century AD, before 56 ADMoesia Inferior ? ?CIL XI 5884 = ILS 978; after Tacitus, Ann. XIII, 25T. Iunius Montanus [5]tribunus laticlaviusreign of NeroMoesia Inferior ? ?AÉ 1973, 500C. Nonius C. f. Vel(ina) Flaccus [5]tribunus angusticlaviusreign of Vespasian?Moesia Inferior ? ?AÉ 1975, 353C. Set[tidius] C. f. Pup(inia) Fir[mus] [5]tribunus angusticlavius1st century AD (67–70 AD)Moesia Inferior ? ?PME, S 45 (Pola, Regio X)T. Rutilius Varus [5]tribunus angusticlaviusreign of NeroMoesia Inferior ? ?CIL X 1258M. Valerius M. f. Gal. Propinquus Grattius Cerealis [5]tribunus angusticlavius1st century AD (84/85 AD)Moesia Inferior ? ?CIL II 4251 = ILS 2711L. Volcacius Primus [5]tribunus angusticlaviusreign of Claudius-NeroMoesia Inferior ? ?CIL IX 5363 = ILS 2737Ignotus [5]tribunus angusticlaviusreign of ClaudiusMoesia Inferior ? ?CIL X 6442, PME, Inc 183Ignotus [5]tribunus angusticlaviusreign of Claudius-NeroMoesia Inferior ? ?CIL XI 4789, Spoletium, Regio VI, PME, Inc 204Atilius Verus [5]centurio1st century AD, prior 62 ADMoesia Inferior ? ?AÉ 1912, 188 = ILB 52M. Blossius Q. f. Aniensis Pudens [5]centurio1st century AD (67-70 AD)Moesia Inferior ? ?CIL VI 3580 a, b = ILS 2641Ti. Claudius T. f. Vitalis [5]centurio1st century AD (81-85 AD)Moesia Inferior ? ?CIL VI 3584 = ILS 2656 = IPD 4 794 = IDRE I 3M. Iulius V(o)ltinia [5]centurioreign of Domitian, after 85 ADMoesia Inferior ? ?CIL III 7397Resius Albanus [5]centurioreign of Tiberius?Moesia Inferior ? ?AÉ 1927, 51 = ILB 47L. Lepidius L. f. An(iensi) Proculus [5]centurio1st century AD (67-70 AD)ItaliaAriminum ?CIL III 12411Valerius Crispus [5]centurio1st century AD (71–101 AD)Moesia Inferior ? ?E. Peeva, N. Sharankov, Archaeologia Bulgarica 10, 2006, 1, p. 25–33, A-CL. Valerius L. f. Proculus [5]centurioreign of Domitian, after 85 ADMoesia Inferior ? ?CIL III 12411Pollio [5]centurio1st century AD (67–71 AD)Moesia Inferior ? ?CIL III 14155Stiminius [5]centurio1st century AD (67–71 AD)Moesia Inferior ? ?CIL III 14155Q. Cornelius M. f. Gal(eria tribu) Valerianus [5]praefectus vexillationumreign of ClaudiusThracia ? ?CIL II 3272; after CIL II 2079 = ILS 2713M. Clodius M. f. Fab(ia tribu) Ma[...] [5]praefectus vexillationum1st century AD, prior 56/57 ADItaliaBrixia ?CIL V 4326Lucius Artorius Castuscenturio, primipilusmid-late 2nd century ADMoesia Inferior ?Pituntium (Dalmatia)CIL III, 1919; CIL III 14224See also[edit]List of Roman legionsBibliography[edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Legio V Macedonica.livius.org accountE. Ritterling, Legio, RE XII, col. 1572-5Rumen Ivanov, Lixa Legionis V Macedonicae aus Oescus, ZPE 80, 1990, p. 131-136D. Barag, S. Qedar, A Countermark of the Legio Quinta Scytica from the Jewish War, INJ 13, (1994–1999), pp. 66–69.S. Gerson, A New Countermark of the Fifth Legion, INR 1 (2006), pp. 97–100Dr. Gerson, A Coin Countermarked by Two Roman Legions, Israel Numismatic Journal 16, 2007–08, pp. 100–102P. M. Séjourné, Nouvelles de Jérusalem, RB 6, 1897, p. 131E. Michon, Inscription d'Amwas, RB 7, 1898, p. 269–271J. H. Landau, Two Inscribed Tombstones, Atiqot, vol. XI, Jerusalem, 1976References[edit]Jump up ^ C. Clermont-Ganneau, Archaeological Researches in Palestine during the Years 1873-74, London 1899, pp. 463-470.Jump up ^ Yigael Yadin, Bar-Kokhba, Random House New York 1971, p. 258.Jump up ^ Notitia Dignitatum In Partibus OccidentisJump up ^ Ross Cowan, The Longest Lived Legion, Ancient Warfare^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Matei-Popescu, Florian (2010). "The Roman Army in Moesia Inferior". STRATEG Project - PNCDI II. Conphys Publishing House. p. 325. Retrieved January 5, 2016.

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